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Fermentation in winemaking
The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation, yeasts transform sugars present in the juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide (as a by-product). In winemaking, the temperature and speed of fermentation are important considerations as well as the levels of oxygen present in the must at the start of the fermentation. The risk of stuck fermentation and the development of several wine faults can also occur during this stage, which can last anywhere from 5 to 14 days for ''primary fermentation'' and potentially another 5 to 10 days for a ''secondary fermentation''. Fermentation may be done in stainless steel tanks, which is common with many white wines like Riesling, in an open wooden vat, inside a wine barrel and inside the wine bottle itself as in the production of many sparkling wines.〔J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pg 267-269 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6〕〔J. Robinson ''Jancis Robinson's Wine Course'' Third Edition pg 74-84 Abbeville Press 2003 ISBN 0-7892-0883-0〕
==History==
The natural occurrence of fermentation means it was probably first observed long ago by humans.〔H. Johnson ''Vintage: The Story of Wine'' pg 16 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0-671-68702-6〕 The earliest uses of the word "fermentation" in relation to winemaking was in reference to the apparent "boiling" within the must that came from the anaerobic reaction of the yeast to the sugars in the grape juice and the release of carbon dioxide. The Latin ''fervere'' means, literally, ''to boil''. In the mid-19th century, Louis Pasteur noted the connection between yeast and the process of the fermentation in which the yeast act as catalyst and mediator through a series of a reaction that convert sugar into alcohol. The discovery of the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway by Gustav Embden, Otto Fritz Meyerhof and Jakub Karol Parnas in the early 20th century contributed more to the understanding of the complex chemical processes involved in the conversion of sugar to alcohol.〔J. Robinson (ed) ''"The Oxford Companion to Wine"'' Third Edition pg 267 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6〕
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